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Week 13

 Operating Principles and mechanism designs

Today we learnt about operating principles and how mechanisms enhances them.

Operating principles:

  • Specific gravity

  • Reciprocating motion

  • Buoyancy


What operating principles is your chemical product based on?

  • Filter: size exclusion

  • Heat energy/light energy: Solar energy from the sun

  • Pump: Positive displacement

  • Faucet: gravity

  • Algae eats salt; more like as the algae grows, they take in salt into their cell bodies and as a result the salt concentration in the seawater decreases.


Mechanisms: enable & enhance principles

  • For the operating principle to work effectively, mechanical movements are often required

  • Eg. agitation - leaching


Engineering Mechanism

  • Something that transforms forces and movements into a desired set of output forces and movements


  1. Actuators: Stored energy (compressed air, electric potential, liquid pressure)~> motion (pneumatic, electrical, hydraulic)

  2. Cams: rotation of a shaft into linear motion (back and forth)

  3. Gears: transmit rotary motion (spurs,helical,worm,planetary,bevel)

  4. Lever: amplify force by fixing input and output about pivot

  5. Ratchet: prevent backward motion (eg. cable ties, arrows, handcuffs)

  6. Springs; stores and dissipates energy (compression, extension torsion, plate, constant force): cylindrical extension spring, conical spring compression, plate spring




Activity: Design a ping pong ball launcher


Propulsion principle, Ball loading


Our sketches:


Our final design:    

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